What is a borderline disorder?
The Borderline Personality Disorder is, as its name suggests, somewhere between neurosis and psychosis, that is on the borderline (borderline =). People who suffer from borderline personality disorder have a variety of disturbing symptoms such as phobias, anxiety, depression, hyperactivity, inappropriate, etc. ..
fact that the "inner" world is divided the borderline personality as the child's world into heroes and villains, there is - often severe - emotional "attacks" that have nothing to do with the triggering situation any more. In addition, these over-reactions often cause excess in the consumption of alcohol or drugs as well as in social behavior. Drug addiction, alcohol addiction and eating disorders (anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa) are often difficult to recognize "associated symptoms" of the borderline disorder. Must be added a certain indifference towards the self, of oneself, which can lead to self-mutilation to suicide.
From a Borderline Personality Disorder BPD , it is referred to as "emotionally unstable personality disorder, borderline type") occurs even if the data subject between people in under a "far-reaching pattern of instability of the relationships in the self-image and the feelings and impulsivity with significant suffering. "
addition to the BPS there are a number of other personality disorders (eg, anxious-avoidant personality disorder or dependent personality disorder, for a brief description, see below). Each of these groups is characterized by special features. First, it is important to explain the concept of a "personality disorder" to detail. What does that mean?
personality disorders
personality disorders are onerous and problematic patterns of experience and behavior that can sometimes last for decades. The affected persons know themselves otherwise, they have always been so, the problems are practically part of the personality.
A depressed person can be about well to remember what it is to feel good to be healthy. He knows so well, that constitute his mood and his depressive thinking is a disorder that he'd like to say if he does not even know how. A person with a personality disorder often do not realize, however, that he is suffering from a disorder, because he himself does not help. He can not imagine, to think differently or feel, even though it is burdened by his problems very much.
people with BPS do so as a feature of the disorder is a "profound instability in interpersonal relations ". However, most people experience at times unstable interpersonal relationships. Especially in adolescence and young adulthood (but always later) are radical changes and significant changes in the relations possible. conflicts, crises and stresses in this time are common (eg divorce). a certain instability in relationships is only normal and not unusual.
From when we speak of a personality disorder?
A personality disorder is given only if several criteria are met . must first
(1) the difficulties differ significantly from the usual expectations of the environment. A person with BPD experienced significantly more frequently and often violent conflicts with close reference persons are other people around them.
The problems (2) need in adolescence or young adulthood has begun and during most of adulthood to be determined. One would not speak so of a personality disorder when a person every 5 years, a few months conflicts with their environment, even if these conflicts violently. The difficulties have to be continuously available. The difficulties are still not only with individuals (such as a perpetual violent conflict with the mother), but in various interpersonal domains (eg dispute with the family, work colleagues and friends).
That is, the patterns are (3) inflexible and rigid. Regardless of the person is very similar.
And the behavior pattern must (4) result in a distinct manner to distress or impairment in social contacts, work or other important areas. suffer with those affected to BPS often near the caregivers (parents, partners, children) and friends. If neither the person any other person , Is it not suffer from a disorder even if the person behaves, perhaps a little quirky or unusual. If all these points are clearly given, it is called a personality disorder. personality disorders are very severe forms of normal properties. Everyone has conflicts, fluctuating moods and feelings, etc., but only a part of us suffers from a personality disorder!
There are a number of different personality disorders. In addition to the borderline personality disorder, a distinction about an avoidant personality disorder (excessive shyness and social anxiety during throughout life), a schizoid personality disorder (severe withdrawal of and little interest in social interaction, limited ability to express feelings or to feel pleasure), a compulsive personality disorder (persistent feelings of doubt, perfectionism and excessive conscientiousness, caution and stubbornness), a dependent personality disorder (excessive dependence on smaller and larger decisions of others, helplessness, separation anxiety) and some more. However, the individual disorders are not always clearly distinguished from each other, that are common for a person of several features of these disorders before.
features of borderline personality disorder (BPD)
addition to the above-described general characteristics of a personality disorder can be any personality disorder again in more detail. Certain features are time and again before together. from a BPS is when at least 5 of the following characteristics are present (the information is a summary of the criteria from the DSM IV, the second commonly used diagnostic system in the German room next to the ICD-10):
The relentless search for the right partner or the right partner:
first Criterion: Unstable and intense interpersonal relationships with striking shifts in attitude toward others (from idealization to devaluation or brace Santander depending on insulation and avoidance) and striking patterns of manipulation of others.
The unstable relationship of borderline personality are directly related to their intolerance of separation and their fear of intimacy. For those affected, it is typical that it is dependent, clinging to others and others idealized, to the lover, spouse or friend rejects these needs and called into question in this
Case is the borderline personality on the other extreme - to devaluation, resistance to intimacy and complete avoidance. Between the desire for merger and thereafter, to be cared for, to be on the one hand, and fear devoured, on the other hand, there is a constant tug of war. For the borderline personality means devoured the extinction of a separate identity, the loss of autonomy and the sense not to exist.
The interested fluctuates between the desire for closeness to facilitate emptiness and boredom, and fear of intimacy, perceived as a thief of self-confidence and independence is. In relationships, these feelings are translated into dramatically intense, volatile, manipulative compounds. Borderline personality is often unrealistic demands on others and seem spoiled. This manipulative behavior is manifested through physical suffering and hypochondria, the interested party shows weakness and helplessness, provocative acts and masochistic behavior. Suicide threats and approaches to implement in practice, are often used to gain attention and help. The person concerned is seduction as a manipulative strategy.
The individual in question is missing "object constancy", the ability to perceive others as complex human beings, which may still behave consistent. Borderline personality the other experiences on the basis of the last meeting, not on a consistent series of interactions that have a broader basis. Therefore, it is never a constant, predictable performance of the other, because the person reacts to these people every time. Since the patient is unable to recognize the big picture, to learn from mistakes and to observe their own behavior patterns are often repeated destructive relationships. Typical is the woman who returns to her ex-husband, who abused her and who continues the abuse. Male borderline patients often bind to similar unsuitable women with whom they repeat sadomasochistic connections.
The impulsive character
second Criterion: impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-destructive, for example, drug abuse, sexual promiscuity, games, shoplifting, shopping addiction, overeating, anorexia nervosa or Bulimie.Die behaviors of borderline personality as they change and be contradictory, since they usually arise from strong, momentary feelings - sensations, which are isolated, disconnected snapshots of the experience.
is the immediacy of the presence there alone, without the benefit of experience from the past or the hope for the future. Due to historical resistance patterns and predictability for the suspect reach, and he commits a similar mistake again.
Borderline personality is in the ironic, yet untenable situation, to achieve something, after a generation target in the sixties, namely, "In a game live." For those affected, there is no escape from the "now", not even for a short break and reassess.
the limited patience of the borderline personality and the need for immediate reward may be related to other behaviors that define other criteria of borderline disorder:
Impulsive conflicts and outbursts of anger may result from the frustrations of a stormy relationship, sudden mood swings can lead to impulsive outbursts, inappropriate outbursts of anger may result from the failure to own to control impulses, or self-destructive behavior can be selbstverstümmelndes to leave the frustrations such as drug and alcohol abuse as a defense mechanism against feelings of loneliness and fear.
radical mood swings
third Criterion: Affective instability: abnormal mood swings towards depression, irritability or anxiety, which usually persist for several hours and only rarely more than a few days. Borderline personality makes a very abrupt mood swings that last for a short time - usually only a few hours. The mood is mostly calm and controlled, but rather over-active and not to suppress or pessimistic, cynical and depressed.
The raging bull
4th Criterion: Inappropriate, intense anger or lack of control over the anger, for example, frequent irritability, constant anger, recurrent physical fights, the tantrums of borderline personality are just as unpredictable and frightening. The violent scenes are nothing compared to the frustrations that they cause.
domestic turmoil, which may lead to car chases with meat knives and broken dishes are typical of the anger of the borderline personality. The anger can be triggered by a specific (and often trivial) offenses, but including an arsenal of fear is threatened by disappointment and abandonment.
The anger that is so intense and so close under the surface bubbles, is often directed at people who are closest to the victim - spouse, children, parents. This anger can be a cry for help, a test of loyalty or fear of intimacy - underlie depending on which factors. Those affected the most, needs to be pushed away. The spouse, friend, lover or family members who stay there in spite of these attacks are either very patient and understanding, or in some cases even very disturbed. In such outbreaks, it is hard to feel compassion, and also affected the use, any resource that is available to him.
The request for help
5th Criterion: Recurrent suicide threats, suicide attempts or self mutilation. Suicide threats and attempts, reflecting the tendency of borderline patients to overwhelming depression and helplessness, but also his ability to manipulate others, are hallmarks of the disease. Often the frequent threats or half-hearted suicide attempts not to die due to the desire, but an attempt to communicate pain, and ask that others may intervene. Sadly, these threats if they are repeated habitual, to the exact opposite:
the others have had enough and unresponsive, which can lead to more tests first. The suicidal behavior is one of the most difficult symptoms of borderline personality disorder for family members and therapists. If you look at and discuss in detail, this can lead to endless, unproductive confrontations, ignored it, may be the death of the patient result.
is self-mutilation if they are not placed clearly in context, with psychosis, the hallmark of borderline disorders. This behavior is closely associated with the disease than any other mental illness related, may be self-inflicted Injuries to the genitalia, the limbs and trunk act. For these borderline cases, the body is a road map, which is littered with self-inflicted scars. Razor blades, scissors, nails and glowing cigarettes are among the usual instruments, and the excessive use of drugs, alcohol or food can also cause damage.
often begins as an impulsive self-mutilation, selbstbestrafende act, but over time it becomes a rehearsed, ritualistic behavior. In these cases, the person adds to injury to body areas that are covered by clothing, which in turn on the enormous ambivalence Borderline personality suggests: She feels compelled to punish remarkably even, but carefully concealed the evidence.
Who am I?
6th Criterion: conspicuous and persistent identity disorders that manifest themselves through at least two of the following signs: self-image, sexual orientation, long-term goals or career choice, type the desired friend, preferred values.
The borderline personality is lacking a consistent sense of identity, just as it lacks a permanent Grundkonzeptualisierung other. The interested party accepts your intelligence, attractiveness or sensitivity as a non-constant traits, but rather than similar qualities that must be constantly re-earned and assessed in comparison with others. The borderline personality has, for example, only thanks to recently conducted intelligence test intelligent. The next day they will hold back for "stupid" if they have a "stupid mistake" makes. A woman who suffers from the syndrome has only for attractive until she sees a woman she considers beautiful, once again she feels ugly.
for borderline personality identity is graded on a curve. Who she is today (and what it does) determines its value, with little regard to what was before. Borderline personality never rests on its laurels. She is like Sisyphus condemned to roll the boulder up the mountain again and again because they must prove themselves again and again. Self-respect they receive only if they are impressed with others, to please others is so important to love yourself.
The battle of the borderline personality to create a stable identity, stands in relation to the prevailing sense of falseness - the ever-present feeling that other "consciences". Most of us experience this feeling at some point one time in life. If we have a new Position to accept, we try an aura of knowledge and confidence to spread us. When we have gained experience, this confidence over time more real, because one has learned the system and something needs to fool anybody.
Borderline personality never reached that point. You always have the feeling that others are only fooling, and has terrible fear that they "caught" sooner or later. This is especially the case if the person is successful - success seems misplaced and undeserved.
This chronic sense of non-authenticity has its origin probably in childhood. The person concerned is growing before the onset of the syndrome often with a sense of inauthenticity to what is due to different environmental conditions - physical or sexual abuse, forced to assume an adult role as a child or apply for their own ailing parents the parental role.
the other extreme, looks like that the child is prevented from maturing and secede from the parents, so it is trapped in a dependent child's role, although the time for redemption is over already. In all these situations, the person never develops a separate sense of self, but rather continue trying to "imitate" a role that requires a different him. If he in this Role failed, he is afraid of being punished, he is however successful, he is sure that he recognized as a fraud and are humiliated.
unrealistic attempts to achieve a state of perfection, are often part of the borderline sample. For example, a data subject who suffers from anorexia nervosa, try to keep their weight constantly low, and is traumatized when she gained only one pound, although their expectation is completely unrealistic.
As the person concerned as static exercises, held in a dynamic state of change, they can feel any change from this immovable self-image as devastating. Conversely
, the borderline personality seek satisfaction in the opposite direction - by the frequent change of job, career, goals, friends and sometimes even gender.
A change in external situations and drastic lifestyle changes she hopes to achieve inner satisfaction. Some cases of so-called "midlife crisis" or "male menopause" represent the extreme attempt to stave off the fear of mortality or disappointments in life so far completed zuwerden.
A young person who is affected by the syndrome changed, perhaps permanently his clique, and he goes through all possible bandwidth, because he hopes to achieve a sense of belonging and acceptance are. Even the sexual identity can be for the person concerned is a source of confusion.
Some authors have found an increased incidence of homosexuality, bisexuality and sexual perversion among the borderline patients.
sects that advertise with the promise of unconditional acceptance, a structured social context and a clearly defined identity that purpose and borderline personality particularly strong. If the identity of the individual fuses and its value system with the receiving group, the leader of the group receives tremendous power that can go so far as to his Followers brings to imitate his actions, even if they end in death.
always half empty
7th Criterion: Chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom. Borderline personality of a basic lack of identity experiences, often painful loneliness that motivates them to look for ways to fill these "holes". The reports of many patients are similar to the almost physical sensation that describes Graham Greene in a kind of life seemed
"The boredom in his head to swell like a balloon, under the skull was a pressure, sometimes I was afraid that this balloon burst and I would lose my mind. "
Of course, many authors have emptiness and boredom described as typical problems of the twentieth century, and here is not to be an attempt to examine the psychological consequences. suffice it when we say that the search for a relief of boredom for the borderline personality in most companies impulsive, destructive actions and disappointing relationship ends.
investigated in many ways, not the person because of the positive aspects of a new relationship or experience, but the feeling to escape the void. He would be the most existential destinies of the characters is described by Sartre, Camus and other philosophers.
Borderline personality often experiences a kind of existential fear. This can be a major obstacle in treatment because it taps into the motivational energy that is needed to recover. That emotional state caused many other symptoms of the disease.
A suicide may be the only rational response to a perpetual state of emptiness. The need to fill the void or facilitate the boredom can lead to angry outbursts, self-damaging impulsiveness and mood swings that are intended to evoke any sense of feeling.
"others depend on me, therefore I am"
8th Criterion: desperate efforts to prevent the real or imagined fear of abandonment. not
Like a child can distinguish between the temporary absence of the mother and her "extinction", the borderline personality temporary loneliness often experienced as a perpetual isolation. The person concerned gets their real or imagined fear of being abandoned by him for the important people, major depression.
Finally, it is up to the world (or some people just reach) captured by anger because he is denied this basic performance.
Especially when the person is alone, he may lose the sensation to exist and to feel, really. It is not intended to Descartes existence principle "I think therefore I am", but live according to a philosophy that looks more like the following sentence: ". Others depend on me, therefore I am"
The theologian Paul Tillich
wrote that "loneliness can be overcome only by those who can endure the loneliness." Given that the borderline personality is so difficult to bear alone, she is trapped in a persistent metaphysical loneliness, for which the only facilitate the physical presence of others. The rushes affected in singles bars or other crowded places.
What is an "emotionally unstable personality disorder"
A disorder of the personality with a clear tendency to act out impulses without considering consequences, and changing, moody atmosphere. The ability to forecast is low and intense anger outbursts can often lead to violent behavior and flammable, this behavior is raised slightly when impulsive acts are criticized by others, or disabled. These "emotionally unstable personality disorder" is also The Borderline Disorder:
Emotionally unstable personality disorder, borderline type: Some characteristics of emotional instability are present, in addition are often our own self-image, goals, and "internal preferences" (including sexual), ambiguity and disturbed. The tendency to intense, but unstable relationships may cause repeated emotional crises with suicidal threats or acts selbstbeschädigenden (this can also occur without any clear trigger).
Source: ICD index and from the book "I Hate You - Do not leave me"
Abstract
instability runs like a thread through the lives of BPD. There are people that are stable in their instability. There have been repeated among interested parties to extreme fluctuations between emotional "highs" and "lows".
think borderline abnormal personalities and feel in a kind of black and white grid. They also assess personalities of their immediate environment. Their existence is marked by crises, disasters, relationship conflicts, social misery and often self-destructive behavior and towards self. They react impulsively, without regard for the consequences.
BPD are prone to violent, explosive even difficult to control, violent reactions to the environment with aggressive features (irritability, anger, rage, excitement), which sometimes leads to violent behavior.
Sexual relationships and partnerships are usually very intense but short-lived. This relationship problems stem from the fact that the borderline personality in black or white, good or bad breaks. Overtones do not exist. Suffice it sometimes just one wrong word to be transported by BPD straight from heaven to hell and stay there even once. Accordingly, living with Border liners often becomes the "wire act on a power line" or "dance on a volcano", as formulated relatives always plastic.
same procedure borderline-impaired people who are expecting a lot of huge and boundless are disappointed when they allowed themselves or adverse circumstances it is not to reach the high target set.
borderline personalities is not only a burden on the individuals themselves, but also for their environment. They appear as little predictable and not very reliable people. Sometimes the environment is suffering more than the individuals affected
Defense mechanisms of the borderline syndrome
first Cleavage
The division is the central defense mechanism in the borderline disorder. By splitting into good and bad segments is the borderline protection against the experience of ambivalence, grief, guilt and reparation tendencies. If the split operation used as a defense, you know the borderline of the existence of its internal contradictions, but without it, but to feel an emotional concern.
this mechanism is practiced in the early object relations, in which good and bad experiences with a real contact person (usually the mother) is reflected in notions of a "very good" and a "very bad" part object. In the borderline development, these contrasting images of objects even with advancing ego maturation are not integrated.
characteristic of cleavage:
strict black and white drawing without Allowing overtones.
people in the vicinity of the Border Liners are divided into totally good and totally evil.
the mother-image is divided into a good, nourishing, protective, symbiotic mother and an evil, seductive, treacherous mother.
Sudden tilting of idealization of a person to complete Cancellation.
concern about the lack of contradictions, denial of each other.
Constant oscillations of the idea of themselves between size and fantasies of inferiority.
To maintain the split, it requires the use of additional mechanisms that support the division.
auxiliary mechanisms of cleavage:
denial
externalization
Primitive idealization
omnipotence and devaluation
Projective identification
indicator of denial:
tendency to generalize - all is denied
refusal to perceive not only the specific conflict, but a large part of reality, related to the conflict.
danger signals are ignored self (self-exposure to recklessness)
So-called regressive Desymbolisierung, that psychological processes are treated as if they were concrete things.
interior reality is treated as if they were outside.
appear in conflict on mental images, which are regarded as real, so-called childish spirit world.
second Behind the devaluation
Feelings of insecurity, inferiority and shame are often hidden, carefully kept in size and fantasies of omnipotence. This so-called size narzißistischen fantasies can withdraw:
In response to the disappointment of the idealized man, all while maintaining the illusion of independence from this man (size fantasy).
As consolation after injuries, especially on the experience of not being loved, becoming, or worse, the experience of the non-love-ability. This retreat to size fantasies associated with depreciation of the other. Due to this cancellation is the others who disappointed a has dropped like a hot potato.
levels of devaluations:
idealization of the other, which is seen as perfect, omnipotent.
tilting of the relationship often through the smallest insult.
devaluation of the other. It is totally meaningless and is abandoned without sorrow,
"thrown away like a squeezed lemon." He's not even worth that one hates him.
retreat into fantasies and size of the illusion of independence from the people.
The unconscious purpose of validation:
split into good and bad objects can be maintained.
through the devaluation can be spared the experience of ambivalence.
The devaluation prevented the full projection of anger on the other, which could put a feared persecutor.
third Primitive idealization
In primitive idealization means that another person is seen as totally good, perfect, omnipotent, infinite. Misunderstands the imperfection and limitation of the idealized person. The primitive idealization is no real interest in this man, but a protection mechanism, and that is idealized this man to protect against a bad environment. Even these so-called good people against any attacks from outside will be defended. On the other hand, we must project our own aggression against this man to the outside to maintain the idealization, so as to share his fantasized omnipotence can.
With increasing maturation of both the good and the bad qualities are perceived to that person. The perception of bad qualities grief is a way that this man is only human just.
occurs at the same time, ambivalence, that you love these people and to hate .........
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